Cytochrome C Kit ELISA

N° du produit ABIN454920

Détail du produit Cytochrome C Kit ELISA

Antigène: Cytochrome C (CYCS) (Cytochrome C, Somatic (CYCS))

Reactivité: Humain

Méthode de détection: Colorimetric

Type de méthode: Sandwich ELISA

Gamme de detection: 0.312-20 ng/mL

Seuil minimal de détection: 0.312 ng/mL

Application: ELISA

Fonction: This immunoassay kit allows for the in vitro quantitative determination of human Cytochrome-C,Cyt-C concentrations in tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.

Type d'échantillon: Tissue Homogenate

Analytical Method: Quantitative

Specificité: This assay recognizes recombinant and natural human Cyt-C.

Réactivité croisée (Details): No significant cross-reactivity or interference was observed.

Sensibilité: < 0.078 ng/mL
The sensitivity of this assay, or Lower Limit of Detection (LLD) was defined as the lowest detectable concentration that could be differentiated from zero.

Attributs du produit: Homo sapiens,Human,Cytochrome c,CYCS,CYC

Ingrédients: Reagent (Quantity): Assay plate (1), Standard (2), Sample Diluent (1×20ml), Assay Diluent A (1×10ml), Assay Diluent B (1×10ml), Detection Reagent A (1×120 μl), Detection Reagent B (1×120μl), Wash Buffer(25 x concentrate) (1×30ml), Substrate (1×10ml), Stop Solution (1×10ml), Plate sealer for 96 wells (5), Instruction (1)

Matériel non inclus: Luminometer. Pipettes and pipette tips. EP tube Deionized or distilled water.

Information d'application

Volume d'échantillon: 100 μL

Plaque: Pre-coated

Protocole: The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to Cyt-C. Standards or samples are then added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells with a biotin-conjugated polyclonal antibody preparation specific for Cyt-C and Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is added to each microplate well and incubated. Then a TMB substrate solution is added to each well. Only those wells that contain Cyt-C, biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit a change in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of a sulphuric acid solution and the color change is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm ± 2 nm. The concentration of Cyt-C in the samples is then determined by comparing the O.D. of the samples to the standard curve.

Préparation des réactifs:

Bring all reagents to room temperature before use. Wash Buffer - If crystals have formed in the concentrate, warm to room temperature and mix gently until the crystals have completely dissolved. Dilute 30 mL of Wash Buffer Concentrate into deionized or distilled water to prepare 750 mL of Wash Buffer. Standard - Reconstitute the Standard with 1.0 mL of Sample Diluent. This reconstitution produces a stock solution of 20 ng/ml. Allow the standard to sit for a minimum of 15 minutes with gentle agitation prior to making serial dilutions (Making serial dilution in the wells directly is not permitted). The undiluted standard serves as the high standard (20 ng/ml). The Sample Diluent serves as the zero standard (0 ng/ml). ng/mL 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.625 0.312 0 Detection Reagent A and B - Dilute to the working concentration using Assay Diluent A and B (1:100), respectively. 4

Prélèvement de l'échantillon: Tissue homogenates - The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. For this assay, tissue was rinsed with 1X PBS to remove excess blood, homogenized in 5~10 mL of 1X PBS and stored overnight at ≤ -20 °C. After two 3 freeze-thaw cycles were performed to break the cell membranes, the homogenates were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 5000 x g. Remove the supernate and assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C. Other biological fluids - Remove particulates by centrifugation and assay immediately or aliquot and store samples at -20C or -80C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Tissue homogenates to be used within 7 days may be stored at 2-8 C, otherwise samples must stored at -20C (≤ 1 months) or -80C (≤ 2 months) to avoid loss of bioactivity and contamination. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles. When performing the assay slowly bring samples to room temperature.

Procédure de l'essai:

Allow all reagents to reach room temperature (Please do not dissolve the reagents at 37C directly.). All the reagents should be mixed thoroughly by gently swirling before pipetting. Avoid foaming. Keep appropriate numbers of strips for 1 experiment and remove extra strips from microtiter plate. Removed strips should be resealed and stored at 4C until the kits expiry date. Prepare all reagents, working standards and samples as directed in the previous sections. Please predict the concentration before assaying. If values for these are not within the range of the standard curve, users must determine the optimal sample dilutions for their particular experiments.
1. Add 100 μl of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 2 hours at 37C.
2. Remove the liquid of each well, don’t wash.
3. Add 100 μl of Detection Reagent A working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C. Detection Reagent A working solution may appear cloudy. Warm to room temperature and mix gently until solution appears uniform.
4. Aspirate each well and wash, repeating the process three times for a total of three washes. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (approximately 400 μl) using a squirt bottle, multi-channel pipette, manifold dispenser or autowasher. Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential to good performance. After the last wash, remove any remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Invert the plate and blot it against clean paper towels.
5. Add 100 μl of Detection Reagent B working solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer. Incubate for 1 hours at 37C.
6. Repeat the aspiration/wash five times as in step
4. 7. Add 90 μl of Substrate Solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer. Incubate within 30 minutes at 37°C. Protect from light.
8. Add 50 μl of Stop Solution to each well. If color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.
9. Determine the optical density of each well at once, using a microplate reader set to 450 nm.
Important Note:
1. Absorbance is a function of the incubation time. Therefore, prior to starting the assay it is recommended that all reagents should be freshly prepared prior to use and all required strip-wells are secured in the microtiter frame. This will ensure equal elapsed time for each pipetting step, without interruption.
2. Please carefully reconstitute Standards or working Detection Reagent A and B according to the instruction, and avoid foaming and mix gently until the crystals have completely dissolved. The reconstituted Standards can be used only once. This assay requires pipetting of small volumes. To minimize imprecision caused by pipetting, ensure that pipettors are calibrated. It is recommended to suck more than 5 10μl for once pipetting.
3. To ensure accurate results, proper adhesion of plate sealers during incubation steps is necessary. Do not allow wells to sit uncovered for extended periods between incubation steps. Once reagents have been added to the well strips, DO NOT let the strips DRY at any time during the assay.
4. For each step in the procedure, total dispensing time for addition of reagents to the assay plate should not exceed 10 minutes.
5. To avoid cross-contamination, change pipette tips between additions of each standard level, between sample additions, and between reagent additions. Also, use separate reservoirs for each reagent.
6. The wash procedure is critical. Insufficient washing will result in poor precision and falsely elevated absorbance readings.
7. Duplication of all standards and specimens, although not required, is recommended.
8. Substrate Solution is easily contaminated. Please protect it from light.

Calcul des résultats:

Average the duplicate readings for each standard, control, and sample and subtract the average zero standard optical density. Create a standard curve by reducing the data using computer software capable of generating a four parameter logistic (4-PL) curve-fit. As an alternative, construct a standard curve by plotting the mean absorbance for each standard on the x-axis against the concentration on the y-axis and draw a best fit curve through the points on the graph. The data may be linearized by plotting the log of the Cyt-C concentrations versus the log of the O.D. and the best fit line can be determined by regression analysis. It is recommended to use some related software to do this calculation, such as curve expert 13.0. This procedure will produce an adequate but less precise fit of the data. If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor.

Restrictions: For Research Use only

Stockage

Conseil sur la manipulation: 1. The kit should not be used beyond the expiration date on the kit label.
2. Do not mix or substitute reagents with those from other lots or sources.
3. If samples generate values higher than the highest standard, further dilute the samples and repeat the assay. Any variation in standard diluent, operator, pipetting technique, washing technique,incubation time or temperature, and kit age can cause variation in binding.
4. This assay is designed to eliminate interference by soluble receptors, ligands, binding proteins, and other factors present in biological samples. Until all factors have been tested in the Immunoassay, the possibility of interference cannot be excluded.

Stock: 4 °C/-20 °C

Stockage commentaire: The Standard, Detection Reagent A, Detection Reagent B and the 96-well strip plate should be stored at -20 °C upon being received. The other reagents can be stored at 4 °C.

Détail du antigène

Antigène: Cytochrome C (CYCS) (Cytochrome C, Somatic (CYCS))

Autre désignation: CYCS (CYCS Produits)

Synonymes: CYC Kit ELISA, HCS Kit ELISA, THC4 Kit ELISA, cyct Kit ELISA, cyc Kit ELISA, hcs Kit ELISA, CYCS Kit ELISA, cytc Kit ELISA, CYCSA Kit ELISA, CG17903 Kit ELISA, Cyt C Kit ELISA, Cyt c Kit ELISA, Cyt-c2 Kit ELISA, CytC-2 Kit ELISA, Cytc Kit ELISA, Cytc-p Kit ELISA, DC4 Kit ELISA, DMc01 Kit ELISA, Dmel\\CG17903 Kit ELISA, cyt c Kit ELISA, cyt c-p Kit ELISA, cyt-c-p Kit ELISA, cyt-c2 Kit ELISA, cyt.c Kit ELISA, cytochrome c Kit ELISA, dc4 Kit ELISA, pDMc01 Kit ELISA, wu:fk52b01 Kit ELISA, zgc:86706 Kit ELISA, ENSMUSG00000058927 Kit ELISA, cytochrome c, somatic Kit ELISA, cytochrome c, somatic S homeolog Kit ELISA, Cytochrome c proximal Kit ELISA, cytochrome c, somatic b Kit ELISA, cytochrome c, somatic pseudogene Kit ELISA, cytochrome c-like Kit ELISA, cytochrome c Kit ELISA, CYCS Kit ELISA, cycs.S Kit ELISA, cycs Kit ELISA, Cycs Kit ELISA, Cyt-c-p Kit ELISA, cycsb Kit ELISA, Gm10053 Kit ELISA, LOC100724240 Kit ELISA, CYC Kit ELISA, LOC100847700 Kit ELISA, LOC101107954 Kit ELISA, LOC106829744 Kit ELISA, LOC106992390 Kit ELISA, LOC102085712 Kit ELISA

Sujet: Cytochrome c, or cyt c (horse heart: PDB 1HRC) is a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. It is a soluble protein, unlike other cytochromes, and is an essential component of the electron transfer chain. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction, but does not bind oxygen. It transfers electrons between Complexes III and IV. Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein across the spectrum of species, found in plants, animals, and many unicellular organisms. This, along with its small size (molecular weight about 12,000 daltons), makes it useful in studies of evolutionary divergence. Its primary structure consists of a chain of 100 amino acids. The cytochrome c molecule has been studied for the glimpse it gives into evolutionary biology. Both chickens and turkeys have the identical molecule (amino acid for amino acid) within their mitochondria, whereas ducks possess molecules differing by one amino acid. Similarly, both humans and chimpanzees have the identical molecule, while rhesus monkeys possess cytochromes differing by one amino acid. Cytochrome c can catalyze several reactions such as hydroxylation and aromatic oxidation, and shows peroxidase activity by oxidation of various electron donors such as 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2-keto-4-thiomethyl butyric acid and 4-aminoantipyrine. Cytochrome c is also suspected to be the functional complex in so called LLLT: Low-level laser therapy. In LLLT, laser light on the wavelength of 670 nanometer penetrates wounded and scarred tissue in order to increase cellular regeneration. Light of this wavelength appears capable of increasing activity of cytochrome c, thus increasing metabolic activity and freeing up more energy for the cells to repair the tissue. Cytochrome c is also an intermediate in apoptosis, a controlled form of cell death used to kill cells in the process of development or in response to infection or DNA damage.Cytochrome c is released by the mitochondria in response to pro-apoptotic stimuli. The sustained elevation in calcium levels precedes cyt c release from the mitochondria. The release of small amounts of cyt c leads to an interaction with the IP3 2 receptor (IP3R) on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER calcium release. The overall increase in calcium triggers a massive release of cyt c, which then acts in the positive feedback loop to maintain ER calcium release through the IP3Rs. This explains how the ER calcium release can reach cytotoxic levels. This release in turn activates caspase 9, a cysteine protease. Caspase 9 can then go on to activate caspases 3 and 7, which are responsible for destroying the cell from within.

Pathways: Apoptose, Caspase Cascade in Apoptosis, Positive Regulation of Endopeptidase Activity