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ACE Inhibitor Pathway

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. ACE inhibitors are of medical use as treatment of cardiovascular diseases...

Apoptose

L'apoptose est un processus très réglé permettant à un organisme d'éliminer de façon organisée les cellules qui ne sont plus utiles. Il est initié soit par une catégorie spécifique de récepteurs de mort soit par des facteurs intrinsèques tels que des dommages à l'ADN. L'apoptose est principalement due à des protéases de caspase et régulée également par les protéines Bcl-2 et inhibitrices. La dérégulation de cette mort programmée de cellules est souvent associée au cancer.

Autophagy

Autophagy is the regulated, self-degradative process of the cell that disassembles unnecessary or dysfunctional components. The lysosomal pathway is evolutionarily conserved and initiates engulfment, degradation and recycling of cellular contents including long-lived proteins and organelles thus promoting cell survival.

Cancer Immune Checkpoints

Cycle Cellulaire

Cell division unfolds in four stages - G1, S, G2, and M phase – depending on a number of internal or external signals. Progression through the different phases is driven by cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) and their activators, the cyclins. Additionally, their activity is further modulated by CDK inhibitors. Tight control of the cell cycle is essential to maintain proper cell homeostasis.

Dynamique des Microtubules

Les microtubules sont des routes intracellulaires structurelles et fonctionnelles hautement dynamiques. Le terme cytosquelette évoque l'image d'une structure rigide, immuable et permanente. En réalité, le cytosquelette est un réseau interconnecté fortement dynamique constitué de trois différents composants principaux : les microtubules...

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) in Adaptive Immune Response

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) comprises a number of genes that occur in many species. The encoded proteins help the immune system to tell the body's own proteins apart from those of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoans. In humans, MHC proteins are encoded by the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA), a group of more than 200 genes located closely together on the short arm of chromosome 6.

Inflammasome

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes located in the cytosol. Typically, they consist of a sensor protein, an adaptor protein containing an caspase recruitment domain, and a pro-inflammatory caspase. In case of the NLRP3 inflammasome, presently the best characterized inflammasome, the respective proteins are NLRP3, ASC/PYCARD, and CASP1.

Lipid Metabolism

Lipids are omnipresent in a multitude of vital cell processes. Cells use lipids to store energy, build membranes, signal within and between cells, sense the environment, covalently modify proteins, form specialized permeability barriers (e.g., in skin), and protect cells from highly reactive chemicals.

Réparation de l'ADN

Tout organisme est doté de différents mécanismes de réparation de l’ADN assurant l’intégrité de l’information génétique contenue dans le noyau de chaque cellule. L’importance cruciale que revêt le maintien de l’intégrité de l’ADN se reflète dans la multitude de voies de réparation de l’ADN et dans la diversité des protéines impliquées dans ces processus.

SARS-CoV-2 Protein Interactome

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA beta coronavirus belonging to the order of nidovirales. In the first three months since its initial identification in December 2019 SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than 800.000 confirmed cases and over 40.000 fatalities worldwide of the associated severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019)

Signalisation Hedgehog

La cascade de signaux Hedgehog (Hh) est l’un des éléments les plus importants de nombreux processus de développement. Ce sont les produits génétiques des gènes ciblés qui déterminent le caractère souche des cellules, leur renouvellement, leur survie et leur migration. Un dérèglement des protéines Hh et des effecteurs en aval joue un rôle important dans la progression des cancers.

Signalisation MAPK

La phosphorylation est le processus réversible d'addition d'un groupe phosphate à un résidu spécifique d'acide aminé sur une molécule. Sur le plan fonctionnel, la phosphorylation agit comme un simple commutateur moléculaire qui peut activer, désactiver ou moduler la fonction d'une protéine.

Signalisation NF-kappaB

Les NF-kappaB (facteurs nucléaires améliorateurs de chaîne légère kappa de cellules B activées) sont un groupe de facteurs de transcription homo- ou hétérodimétriques qui jouent un rôle capital dans un réseau de nombreuses voies de transduction de signaux...

Signalisation Notch

La voie de signalisation Notch, bien conservée, est unique en son genre car le récepteur Notch et la plupart de ses ligands respectifs (canoniquement ceux de la famille DSL ou Delta/Serrate/LAG-2) sont des protéines transmembranaires fixées à la surface de la cellule. ...

Signalisation p53

p53 est l'un des plus importants suppresseurs de tumeurs, appelé souvent « le Gardien de l'intégrité du génome ». On retrouve des mutations du p53 ou de certaines parties de son circuit de régulation dans presque tous les cancers, ce qui montre son importance. Il conserve la stabilité du génome en prévenant les mutations causées...

Signalisation PI3K-Akt

La transduction de signal PI3K/Akt a un rôle charnière dans l’homéostasie cellulaire, le développement neurologique, le métabolisme et d’autres processus. Elle régule différents aspects du développement cellulaire comme l’apoptose, la progression du cycle cellulaire et la différenciation cellulaire. Le régulateur principal du signal PI3K/Akt est Akt/PKB, une famille de trois protéines kinases...

Signalisation RTK

Les récepteurs tyrosine kinase (RTK) sont des kinases liées à la membrane qui sont activées lorsque les ligands spécifiques aux récepteurs se lient. Ils constituent la plus grande classe de récepteurs de membrane qui provoquent des cascades de signalisation via leur activité enzymatique inhérente.

Signalisation TLR

Toll-like receptors play an essential in the innate immune response against various pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. TLRs elicit one of two conserved inflammatory pathways: either the TRIF- or the MyD88 dependent pathway. Besides, TLR signaling also induces dendritic cell maturation and the adaptive immune response.

Signalisation WNT

Wnts are a class of evolutionarily-conserved, lipid-modified glycoproteins that play a pivotal role in development and homeostasis through a number of different paracrine...

Signalistation JAK/STAT

La signalisation JAK-STAT est hautement conservée chez les vertébrés et même d’autres métazoaires. L’association de kinases activées par les récepteurs et de facteurs de...

Système du Complément

Le système du complément fait partie du système immunitaire inné, et il joue un rôle essentiel dans la défense...

TCR Signaling

The T-Cell Receptor is a protein complex on the surface of T-cell responsible for antigen recognition. The activation induces a number of signaling cascades finally leading to the transcription of several gene products which allow the T cells to differentiate, proliferate and secrete a number of cytokines.

The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

In the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic no vaccine has been approved as of yet. The Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection presented here is a step towards a deeper understanding of virus-host relationship and vaccine development.

Unfolded protein response

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response activated in eukaryotic cells in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen

VEGF Signaling

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) constitute a sub-family of growth factors that stimulate the growth of new blood vessels. VEGFs are important signaling proteins and initiate angiogenesis via several signalling cascades.

Activated T Cell Proliferation

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Activation of Innate immune Response

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AMPK Signaling

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Asymmetric Protein Localization

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Brown Fat Cell Differentiation

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C21-Steroid Hormone Metabolic Process

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cAMP Metabolic Process

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Carbohydrate Homeostasis

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Caspase Cascade in Apoptosis

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Cell RedoxHomeostasis

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Cell-Cell Junction Organization

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Cellular Glucan Metabolic Process

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Cellular Response to Molecule of Bacterial Origin

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Chromatin Binding

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CXCR4-mediated Signaling Events

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Dicarboxylic Acid Transport

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DNA Replication

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Dopaminergic Neurogenesis

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EGFR Downregulation

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EGFR Signaling Pathway

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Embryonic Body Morphogenesis

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ER-Nucleus Signaling

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Fc-epsilon Receptor Signaling Pathway

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Feeding Behaviour

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G-protein mediated Events

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Glycosaminoglycan Metabolic Process

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Growth Factor Binding

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Hepatitis C

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Hormone Activity

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Hormone Transport

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Inositol Metabolic Process

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Integrin Complex

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Interaction of EGFR with phospholipase C-gamma

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Interferon-gamma Pathway

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Intracellular Steroid Hormone Receptor Signaling Pathway

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M Phase

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Maintenance of Protein Location

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Metabolism of Steroid Hormones and Vitamin D

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Methionine Biosynthetic Process

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Mitotic G1-G1/S Phases

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Monocarboxylic Acid Catabolic Process

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Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction

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Negative Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Negative Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic Signaling

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Negative Regulation of Transporter Activity

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Neurotrophin Signaling Pathway

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Nuclear Hormone Receptor Binding

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Nuclear Receptor Transcription Pathway

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Nucleotide Phosphorylation

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Peptide Hormone Metabolism

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Photoperiodism

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Phototransduction

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Platelet-derived growth Factor Receptor Signaling

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Positive Regulation of Endopeptidase Activity

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Positive Regulation of fat Cell Differentiation

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Positive Regulation of Immune Effector Process

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Positive Regulation of Peptide Hormone Secretion

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Positive Regulation of Response to DNA Damage Stimulus

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Production of Molecular Mediator of Immune Response

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Protein targeting to Nucleus

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Proton Transport

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Regulation of Actin Filament Polymerization

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Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolic Process

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Regulation of Cell Size

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Regulation of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Protein Signaling

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Regulation of Hormone Biosynthetic Process

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Regulation of Hormone Metabolic Process

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Regulation of Intracellular Steroid Hormone Receptor Signaling

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Regulation of Leukocyte Mediated Immunity

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Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by PPARalpha

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Regulation of long-term Neuronal Synaptic Plasticity

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Regulation of Muscle Cell Differentiation

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Regulation of Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure by Hormones

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Regulatory RNA Pathways

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Response to Growth Hormone Stimulus

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Response to Water Deprivation

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Retinoic Acid Receptor Signaling Pathway

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Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit Organization

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Ribonucleoside Biosynthetic Process

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Ribosome Assembly

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Sensory Perception of Sound

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Signaling Events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2

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Signaling of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor

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Skeletal Muscle Fiber Development

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Smooth Muscle Cell Migration

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Stem Cell Maintenance

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Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis

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Steroid Hormone Mediated Signaling Pathway

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Synaptic Membrane

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Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis

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Synthesis of DNA

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Telomere Maintenance

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Thromboxane A2 Receptor Signaling

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Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

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Toll-Like Receptors Cascades

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Transition Metal Ion Homeostasis

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Tube Formation

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VEGFR1 Specific Signals

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